_magna lock
1.什么是中国舞见？
2.有谁读过英文的英国文学简史么，急急急！
舞见，泛指在网站上投稿自己原创或翻跳的宅舞作品的舞者，来自於投稿标题中的「踊ってみた」，日文没有舞见这个单词。 与「唱见」一样，这个词同样来源於日本弹幕网站niconico，其中作品质量优秀者通常拥有大量粉丝，一些名气很大的舞见甚至还会在海外网站投稿以满足海外粉丝的需求，如咬人猫和りりり。 日本比较常见的舞见： Melochin（めろちん）、Ry☆、爱川梢、足太、七河みこ、りりり、Miume（银发娘）、しゃばだばstep、ARSMNA、百合坂46、SLH（Share Lock Homes）
什么是中国舞见？
National Oilwell Varco is the leading provider for the worldwide oil and gas industry and has been dedicated to providing the highest quality oilfield products and services for more than 140 years. National Oilwell Varco is the single source for all of your rig equipment, integrated systems, downhole tools, and supply chain solutions. From a spare part to a comprehensive drilling system ?and from a generic valve to a fully integrated supply chain process, National Oilwell Varco delivers unlimited customer solutions. By constantly developing and acquiring new technologies and services to better serve future customer requirements, National Oilwell Varco will continue to be the premier source for diversified products and services worldwide.
National Oilwell Varco designs, manufactures and sells the major mechanical components for both land and offshore drilling rigs as well as complete land drilling and well servicing rigs. The major mechanical components include drawworks, mud pumps, power swivels, SCR systems, treling equipment and rotary tables. The Company also designs and manufactures a broad offering of downhole products, including drilling motors and specialized drilling tools for rent and sale. National Oilwell Varco also provides distribution services through its network of distribution service centers located in the United States, Canada and near major drilling and production activity worldwide.
By continuously increasing the breadth and depth of products and services offered, National Oilwell Varco has become the steward of more than 40 industry-leading brand names during the past 140 years. These strategic mergers and acquisitions he included some of the leading names in the upstream oil and gas industry, and allow National Oilwell Varco to offer a full line of high-quality products and solutions.
History of Acquisitions
1892 -
"Oil Well Engineering" acquires Continental Tube Works in Pittsburgh
1902 -
National Supply "(National)" acquires California Supply
1920 -
National acquires Union Tool
1928 -
National purchases 1/2 interest in Oil Well Engineering
1928 -
National acquires Superior Engine Company
1929 -
Oilwell acquires Wilson-Snyder Manufacturing Corp of Pittsburgh
1930 -
United States Steel acquires Oil Well. Oil Well becomes the Oilwell Division
1940 -
National acquires Central Tube Company
1944 -
Oilwell Division acquires Witte Engine Works
1945 -
Oilwell Division acquires Neilsen Pump Company
15 -
National Supply buys remaining shares of Oil Well Engineering
18 -
National acquires PAR Industries
18 -
National acquires Derrick Service Int'l
18 -
National acquires Compressor Pump and Engine
19 -
National acquires Baylor
19 -
National acquires small oilfield services company in Oklahoma City and calls it National Chemicals
1980 -
National purchases assets in Grenco Corporation
1981 -
National Supply (Armco) acquires Equipetrol, S.A.
1987 -
National Supply merges with USS Oilwell
1989 -
National Oilwell acquires Mission
19 -
National Oilwell acquired Ross Hill Controls
19 -
National Oilwell acquired PEP, Inc.
19 -
National Oilwell acquired Dreco Energy Services Ltd. (Canada)
1998 -
National Oilwell acquired Versatech International Ltd. (Canada)
1998 -
National Oilwell acquired Specialty Tools Ltd. (Scotland)
1998 -
National Oilwell acquired Phoenix Energy Products (Harrisburg, Wooley, M&W, CDI)
1998 -
National Oilwell acquired Roberds -Johnson Industries, Inc.
1998 -
National Oilwell acquired DOSCO (Canada)
1999 -
National Oilwell acquired Dupre’ Supply Company & Dupre’ International, Inc.
1999 -
National Oilwell acquired CE (Continental Emsco) Drilling Products & Wilson Mobile Rig
1999 -
National Oilwell acquired Skytop Brewster Company
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired Republic Supply Company
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired Hitec ASA (Norway)
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired IRI International Corporation
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired Wheatley Gaso Omega
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired Baylor Company
2000 -
National Oilwell acquired Hart Sales Company
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired Maritime Hydraulics (Canada) Ltd.
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired DEMIJ (Rotterdam)
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired Tech Power Controls Co.
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired Rye Supply Company, Inc.
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired Texas Oil Works Supply, Inc.
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired HSI-Houston Scientific International, Inc.
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired AMTEX Pump & Supply
2001 -
National Oilwell acquired Rigquip Division Assets (Noble Drilling U.K. Limited)
2002 -
National Oilwell acquired HAL Oilfield Pump & Equipment (HALCO)
2002 -
National Oilwell acquired Integrated Power Systems
2002 -
National Oilwell acquired STS Oilfield Specialty & Supply, L.L.C.
2002 -
National Oilwell acquired Hydralift ASA
2003 -
National Oilwell acquired LSI Specialty Electrical Products
2003 -
National Oilwell acquired MonoFlo, Inc. (US) & Mono Group (UK)
2003 -
National Oilwell acquired ?grey Mekaniske Verksted AS (Norway)
2005 -
National Oilwell merges with Varco becoming National Oilwell Varco
Milestones
1862 -
John Eaton Company established to furnish oilfield equipment in Oil City, PA, and surrounding area.
1867 -
Original line of products made in own shop, including bits, cable tools, temper screws, bailers, bull wheels, derricks, etc.
1869 -
John Eaton and EH Cole joined to form Eaton and Cole to furnish oilfield equipment.
1884 -
Additional own-make products, including: complete line of cable-tool drilling, fishing, and clean-out tools.
1884 -
Additional own-make products, including: standard and portable rigs, including derricks, rig irons, steam engines.
1884 -
Additional own-make products, including: casing and tubing elevators and tongs.
1886 -
Under-reamers.
1892 -
Complete all-steel drilling rig, including 72 ft. derrick, crown and treling blocks, piston-valve twin- cylinder steam engines.
1901 -
Drawworks, swivels, bits.
1904 -
Portable all-steel drilling machines for cable-tool drilling .
1907 -
Rotary tables, portable all-steel drilling machines for rotary drilling.
1911 -
Steam driven slush pumps.
1912 -
"Mud Hog" and "Giant Mud Hog" series steam slush pumps.
1913 -
Union Tool Co. (later purchased by National Supply Co.) introduced its first rotary table.
1913 -
Union Tool Co. (later purchased by National Supply Co.) made offset steel roller chain with replaceable steel pins and bushings.
1916 -
Power slush pumps.
1918 -
Designed and patented "Imperial" Rotary Swivel.
1923 -
Make-and-break rotary tables.
1923 -
Hild differential electric drives for rotary drilling.
1926 -
Long stroke (18") Wilson-Snyder Steam Slush Pump.
1927 -
Fully-enclosed roller-bearing twin-cylinder steam engines.
1928 -
Spang, Chalfant pioneered "Magna Glo" inspection to uncover cracks in pipe.
1930 -
Emsco developed a line of duplex double acting slush (mud) pumps.
1930 -
National designed an improved band brake system for drawworks ("K" Brake) with increased leverage at optimum handle position.
1930 -
High pressure (350 psi working pressure) boilers.
1930 -
20" stroke steam slush pumps.
1930 -
Fully-enclosed oilbath rotaries.
1933 -
National started using "V" packing rings, coil spring, in wash pipe packing assemblies on rotary drilling swivels.
1933 -
Vertical twin-cylinder steam engines.
1934 -
Hydraulic feed controls for rotary drilling.
1934 -
Di-Hard slush pump liners.
1935 -
National introduced its "C" line of power duplex slush pumps, 1500 to 3000 PSI, with patented baffle chamber.
1935 -
National designed, developed, and made a new patented main bearing for rotary drilling swivels.
1935 -
Rotary drilling units (packaged unit providing independent drive to the rotary from a steam engine) .
1936 -
20" stroke power slush pumps.
1939 -
Rotary drilling unit with drive from internal combustion engine through hydraulic torque converter.
1940 -
National designed an improved 2-plate clutch for drawworks which was first installed on a 33-62-FE drawworks 1500 Hp steam driven.
1940 -
Triplex steam slush pumps.
1941 -
National furnished chain compounded sectional drive groups (as alternate to V-belt) to power drawworks, rotary, and mud pumps.
1945 -
Completely air controlled power rigs (drawworks and drives).
1946 -
National introduced "Gammaloy" drill collars, as a less expensive nonmagnetic stainless steel to replace K-Monel material.
1946 -
Portable derricks.
1947 -
National Hydraulic Coupling introduced as a fluid cushion connection between engines and drive group to absorb shock loads.
1947 -
National designed, developed, and made a new "Quick-Seal" hose connections for rotary swivel or standpipe goosenecks.
1949 -
National type "A" single stage Torque Converter, designed specifically for drilling rigs, introduced for drive group compounds.
1949 -
Drilling depth record of 20,521 ft set at Rock Springs, Wyoming by a rig using National drilling equipment.
1949 -
Automatically regulated hydraulic feed controls for rotary drilling.
1950 -
National designed an improved drum type clutch for drawworks (Dy-A-Flex) with increased reliability and simpler to service.
1951 -
Introduced overrunning clutch between drawworks drumshaft and auxiliary brake for mechanical rigs.
1951 -
National designed, developed, and made a new patented "Uniflex" wash pipe & packing box for rotary drilling swivels.
1952 -
Introduced "Micromatic" drilling controls for drawworks to automatically feed off pipe as the hole is drilled.
1953 -
Drilling depth record of 21,482 ft set in Paloma Field, California by a rig using National drilling equipment.
1953 -
Extreme high horsepower, high pressure power slush pump for jet bit drilling.
1955 -
Hook blocks.
1956 -
National oained patent on improved wash pipe for "Uniflex" wash pipe & packing box for rotary drilling swivels.
1956 -
National introduced 2 step "Spirallel" integral drawworks drum grooving as an improvement for spooling wire rope onto the drum.
1956 -
Drilling depth record of 22,570 ft set by a drilling barge south of New Orleans using National drilling equipment.
1958 -
Triplex plunger mud pump unit w/ 2-speed transmission and direct connected engine for high pressure & slim hole drilling.
1959 -
Lever lift drilling masts.
1959 -
Induction-hardened steel slush pump liners.
1959 -
Swivels with quick removable wash pipes.
1960 -
Introduced "Seal-Lock tubing, a premium threaded and coupled connection for deep wells.
1962 -
Introduced a subsea christmas tree on a producing well in the Gulf of Mexico.
1963 -
Continental Emsco introduced the Electrohoist II Drawworks.
1964 -
Furnished remotely installed well head in 600 ft water depth.
1967 -
Introduced A37-1/2 Rotary.
1968 -
Introduced a mechanical jacking system for offshore jack-up rigs featuring high efficiency lifting mechanism with opposed pinions.
1968 -
National's first triplex mud pumps, model 10-P-130, rated for 1300 HP, are first used on a land rig.
1969 -
Continental Emsco introduced the F1000 Triplex Mud Pump.
1969 -
Furnished an early subsea production system in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.
1969 -
Oilwell's first triplex mud pumps, model 1400-PT, rated for 1400 HP, are shipped.
10 -
Introduced new line of Oilwell "PC" (Positive Centering) Swivels ranging from 100 to 650 tons capacity.
12 -
Oilwell A1400-PT and A1700-PT single acting Triplex Slush (Mud) Pumps fitted with fluid ends for high volume lication.
13 -
Oilwell A49-1/2 Rotary for offshore drilling.
14 -
Introduced Oilwell 350-PT single acting triplex mud pumps designed for transport by air-lift.
17 -
Kremco completes its first in-house designed workover rig, model K600.
17 -
Dreco designs and constructs two covered bolted beam leg derricks.
18 -
Dreco's first originally designed drawworks, 400 HP, is designed and built by Glenn Knutson.
19 -
Dreco builds its first 2.5 million lb mast and substructure.
19 -
Dreco introduces a new patented beam leg mast with special hinged back bracing for improved transporting on land rig moves.
1980 -
"Slingshot" substructure allowing installation of major components & raising of mast at ground level, before elevating substructure.
1981 -
Dreco develops proprietary designs for various drilling equipment, including rotary tables, treling blocks, and triplex mud pumps.
1981 -
Dreco introduces its "Superior" Drawworks models 700UE, 700M, and 1000UE at the OTC in Houston.
1981 -
Dreco introduced the first 4,000 HP Drawworks on a land rig.
1981 -
Dreco introduced the first Treling Block rated for 1,250 tons.
1982 -
Dreco introduced the first 156 ft "Slingshot" Mast and substructure rated for 2,500,000 lb, with 40 ft high drill floor, for a land rig.
1983 -
Dreco designs the "Sandmaster", a self-propelled workover/drilling rig for desert operations.
1983 -
Griffith introduces a hydraulic/mechanical drilling jar to the Canadian oilpatch.
-
Griffith designs and builds the "Torquemaster", a tool break-out machine which becomes a major product line for Griffith.
1985 -
GH introduced a new patented disc brake system designed for drawworks (design purchased by National in Jan 1987).
1986 -
Griffith designs and tests its first proprietary downhole steerable drilling motor, tradenamed "Trudril".
1986 -
Dreco develops a cantilevered arctic rig design featuring a sliding drill floor to permit the drilling of more wells from a smaller pad.
1986 -
Dreco introduced a new BOP handling system powered by hydraulic cylinder operated wireline hoists.
1987 -
Dreco introduces the "Kremcovets" prototype service rig at tradeshow in Moscow, which is a Kremco rig on a Soviet Kirovets tractor.
1988 -
Dreco introduced a new patented cing beam "Gripper" system for horizontal jacking of rig substructures on offshore platforms.
1990 -
Continental Emsco shipped model FC-2200 Triplex Mud Pumps.
1990 -
National-Oilwell shipped model 14-P-200 Triplex Mud Pumps (later uprated to 2200 HP).
1990 -
National-Oilwell installed a PS-500 Top Drive, with patented rotating side skid, allowing it to swing out of tripping path in minutes.
1992 -
Dreco introduced a new "Lift and Roll" skidding system for horizontal moving of rig substructures on offshore platforms.
1992 -
Drawworks electric remote controls combined with PLC kinetic energy monitor system to prevent treling block overspeed.
1993 -
Dreco designs and constructs its first coiled tubing rigs.
1995 -
Dreco introduces its new injector head for coil tubing rigs at the OTC in Houston.
1995 -
Dreco, in partnership with Hitec, designed and made first variable frequency AC driven drawworks (no main drum or aux. braking).
19 -
Continental Emsco shipped 5,000 HP Electrohoist Drawworks for offshore rig.
19 -
Dreco introduced a new "slip" type rotary deadline anchor that allows drill line to be "cut & slipped" without removal from anchor.
19 -
National-Oilwell introduced a high pressure hydrodynamic wash pipe packing assy., using a Kalsi seal, w/ 4" bore for Drilling Swivels.
1998 -
Continental Emsco introduced the first 60-1/2" rotary, model T-6050, for offshore rigs to handle large diameter riser pipe.
1999 -
National-Oilwell shipped two Dreco designed semi-automated trailerized doubles land drilling rigs, with Hitec Cyberbase controls.
1999 -
National Oilwell, in partnership with Hitec, designed and made first AC driven "Active Hee Compensating Drawworks" for floating Drilling Rigs.
1999 -
SAP was implemented in distribution groups to facilitate inventory control, financial planning, logistics, purchasing, and e-commerce worldwide.
2000 -
Pete Miller named COO for National Oilwell.
2000 -
National Oilwell implemented Customer Connect, an online lication to provide customers with detailed analysis of their spend.
2001 -
National Oilwell receives order for two Santa Fe jack-up rigs.
2001 -
Pete Miller named CEO.
2001 -
BroadVision-based online web catalog implemented to allow ordering via the internet.
2002 -
National Oilwell produced the PowerStroke Dual Hydraulic Drilling Jar.
2002 -
National Oilwell introduced the Multi-Opening Circulating Sub, eliminated the requirement to pull out of hole and remove drop-ball.
2002 -
National Oilwell introduced the Mini-Tong to improve safety during makeup and breakout connections on small tools and pipes.
有谁读过英文的英国文学简史么，急急急！
舞见，泛指在网站上投稿自己原创或翻跳的宅舞作品的舞者，来自於投稿标题中的「踊ってみた」，日文没有舞见这个单词。
与「唱见」一样，这个词同样来源於日本弹幕网站niconico，其中作品质量优秀者通常拥有大量粉丝，一些名气很大的舞见甚至还会在海外网站投稿以满足海外粉丝的需求，如咬人猫和りりり。
唱见歌ってみた，也叫歌见。泛指在网站投稿翻唱作品的业余歌手。是从翻唱投稿标题中“歌ってみた”(试着唱了一下)衍生出的对投稿作者的昵称。「唱见」一词并不是日语，是中文的称呼。
这一名词主要源于日本网站niconico，在niconico网站上活跃了一大批能力卓群，堪比专业人士的翻唱歌手，多称呼为“歌い手”，这些人获得大量fans支持。更有人出道成为真正的专业歌手。
扩展资料：
日本舞见：
Melochin（めろちん）、Ry☆、爱川梢[1]、足太、りりり、Miume（银发娘）、しゃばだばstep、ARSMNA、百合坂46、SLH（Share Lock Homes）
中国舞见：排名不分先后
咬人猫、赤九玖、有咩酱、螺主任、晚香玉、醋醋、いとう哀（哀子）、千本露露、欣小萌、锁链、楽小曼、pipi-萍萍、西四、凳猫猫、微小微、Tocci椭奇；
开门啦你的小初快递（小初）、伢伢gagako、萌爱moi、小明（仮面小明）、上杉老爷爷、D巨巨、瞳少、ArsMania、伪娘小杰、ishmael、HPMAX!&T.O.P、双十双夏、爱李、KAYACHANOWO（KAYA）
英文的笔记行吗？
A Concise History of British Literature
Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period
I. Introduction
1. The historical background
(1) Before the Germanic invasion
(2) During the Germanic invasion
a. immigration;
b. Christianity;
c. heptarchy.
d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord) – thane - middle class (freemen) - lower class (sle or bondmen: theow);
e. social organization: clan or tribes.
f. military Organization;
g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;
h. economy: coins, trade, slery;
i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.
2. The Overview of the culture
(1) The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.
(2) Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.
II. Beowulf.
1. A general introduction.
2. The content.
3. The literary features.
(1) the use of alliteration
(2) the use of metaphors and understatements
(3) the mixture of pagan and Christian elements
III. The Old English Prose
1. What is prose?
2. figures
(1) The Venerable Bede
(2) Alfred the Great
Chapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages
I. Introduction
1. The Historical Background.
(1) The year 1066: Norman Conquest.
(2) The social situations soon after the conquest.
A. Norman nobles and serfs;
B. restoration of the church.
(3) The 11th century.
A. the crusade and knights.
B. dominance of French and Latin;
(4) The 12th century.
A. the centralized ;
B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);
(5) The 13th century.
A. The legend of Robin Hood;
B. Magna Carta (1215);
C. the beginning of the Parliament
D. English and Latin: official languages (the end)
(6) The 14th century.
a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;
b. the rise of towns.
c. the change of Church.
d. the role of women.
e. the Hundred Years’ War—starting.
f. the development of the trade: London.
g. the Black Death.
h. the Peasants’ Revolt—1381.
i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.
(7) The 15th century.
a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)
b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.
c. the printing-press—William Caxton.
d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)
2. The Overview of Literature.
(1) the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.
(2) Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.
(3) Wace—Le Roman de Brut.
(4) The romance.
(5) the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.
II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.
1. a general introduction.
2. the plot.
III. William Langland.
1. Life
2. Piers the Plowman
IV. Chaucer
1. Life
2. Literary Career: three periods
(1) French period
(2) Italian period
(3) master period
3. The Canterbury Tales
A. The Framework;
B. The General Prologue;
C. The Tale Proper.
4. His Contribution.
(1) He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.
(2) He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.
(3) The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
V. Popular Ballads.
VI. Thomas Malory and English Prose
VII. The beginning of English Drama.
1. Miracle Plays.
Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.
2. Morality Plays.
A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.
3. Interlude.
The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.
Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance
I. A Historical Background
II. The Overview of the Literature (1485-1660)
Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.
Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.
Literary style-modeled on the ancients.
The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.
1. poetry
The first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.
The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.
The third tendency by Johnson: reaction--Classically pure and restrained style.
The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.
2. Drama
a. the native tradition and classical examples.
b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.
3. Prose
a. translation of Bible;
b. More;
c. Bacon.
II. English poetry.
1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers)
(1) Wyatt: introducing sonnets.
(2) Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.
2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer
(1) Life:
a. English gentleman;
b. brilliant and fascinating personality;
c. courtier.
(2) works
a. Arcadia: pastoral romance;
b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.
Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.
c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.
3. Edmund Spenser
(1) life: Cambridge - Sidney’s friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.
(2) works
a. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.
b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequence
c. Faerie Queene:
The general end--A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue. 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy. Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic meaning) Many allusions to classical writers. Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.(3) Spenserian Stanza.
III. English Prose
1. Thomas More
(1) Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of arts
a. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;
b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;
c. Lord Chancellor;
d. beheaded.
(2) Utopia: the first English science fiction.
Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.
A philosophical mariner (Raphael Hythloday) tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.
a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.
b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.
c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.
d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.
e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.
f. the Utopia
(3) the significance.
a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.
b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.
2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman
(1) life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor – bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.
(2) philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.
(3) “Essays”: 57.
a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.
b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leing the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)
IV. English Drama
1. A general survey.
(1) Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.
(2) two influences.
a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;
b. native or popular drama.
(3) the University Wits.
2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.
(1) Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.
(2) Major works
a. Tamburlaine;
b. The Jew of Malta;
c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
(3) The significance of his plays.
V. William Shakespeare
1. Life
(1) 1564, Stratford-on-Avon;
(2) Grammar School;
(3) Queen visit to Castle;
(4) marriage to Anne Hathaway;
(5) London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;
(6) the 1st Folio, Quarto;
(7) Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.
2. Dramatic career
3. Major plays-men-centered.
(1) Romeo and Juliet--tragic love and fate
(2) The Merchant of Venice.
Good over evil.
Anti-Semitism.
(3) Henry IV.
National unity.
Falstaff.
(4) Julius Caesar
Republicanism vs. dictatorship.
(5) Hamlet
Revenge
Good/evil.
(6) Othello
Diabolic character
jealousy
gap between earance and reality.
(7) King Lear
Filial ingratitude
(8) Macbeth
Ambition vs. fate.
(9) Antony and Cleopatra.
Passion vs. reason
(10) The Tempest
Reconciliation; reality and illusion.
3. Non-dramatic poetry
(1) Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.
(2) Sonnets:
a. theme: fair, true, kind.
b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.
c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.
d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
VI. Ben Jonson
1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)
2.contribution:
(1) the idea of “humour”.
(2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.
3. Major plays
(1) Everyone in His Humour—”humour”; three unities.
(2) Volpone the Fox
Chapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century
I. A Historical Background
II. The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)
1. The revolution period
(1) The metaphysical poets;
(2) The Calier poets.
(3) Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction
2. The restoration period.
(1) The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jonson)
(2) The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662) were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.
(3) The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.
(4) The restoration drama.
(5) The Age of Dryden.
III. John Milton
1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.
2. Literary career.
(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.
(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.
(3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan he been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.
3. Major Works
(1) Paradise Lost
a. the plot.
b. characters.
c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.
(2) Paradise Regained.
(3) Samson Agonistes.
4. Features of Milton’s works.
(1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.
(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.
(3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.
(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
IV. John Bunyan
1. life:
(1) puritan age;
(2) poor family;
(3) parliamentary army;
(4) Baptist society, preacher;
(5) prison, writing the book.
2. The Pilgrim Progress
(1) The allegory in dream form.
(2) the plot.
(3) the theme.
V. Metaphysical Poets and Calier Poets.
1. Metaphysical Poets
The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and foured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.
2. Calier Poets
The other group prevailing in this period was that of Calier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Calier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Calier poems he the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan’s.
VI. John Dryden.
1. Life:
(1) the representative of classicism in the Restoration.
(2) poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.
(3) changeable in attitude.
(4) Literary career—four decades.
(5) Poet Laureate
2. His influences.
(1) He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.
(2) He developed a direct and concise prose style.
(3) He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.
Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century
I. Introduction
1. The Historical Background.
2. The literary overview.
(1) The Enlightenment.
(2) The rise of English novels.
When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its fourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to ear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular four.
(3) Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventh and eighth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.
(4) Satiric literature.
(5) Sentimentalism
II. Neo-classicism. (a general description)
1. Alexander Pope
(1) Life:
a. Catholic family;
b. ill health;
c. taught himself by reading and translating;
d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.
(2) three groups of poems:
e. An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);
f. The Rape of Lock;
g. Translation of two epics.
(3) His contribution:
h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;
i. satire.
(4) weakness: lack of imagination.
2. Addison and Steele
(1) Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.
(2) Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)
(3) Spectator Club.
(4) The significance of their essays.
a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.
c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.
3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.
(1) Life:
a. studies at Oxford;
b. made a living by writing and translating;
c. the great cham of literature.
(2) works: poem (The Vanity of Human Wishes, London); criticism (The Lives of great Poets); preface.
(3) The champion of neoclassical ideas.
III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.
1. Life:
(1) born in Ireland;
(2) studies at Trinity College;
(3) worked as a secretary;
(4) the chief editor of The Examiner;
(5) the Dean of St. Patrick’s in Dublin.
2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver’s Trels.
3. Gulliver’s Trels.
Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.
Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.
Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.
Part IV. Satire—mankind.
IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.
1. The Rise of novels.
(1) Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. (imaginative narrative)
(2) The rise of the novel
a. picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century): Of or relating to a genre of prose fic